This session will consider two potentially conflicting goals that challenge intensive care unit clinicians and researchers: the desire to standardize care by protocolizing best practices, and the desire to personalize care to each patient's individual physiology. The session will highlight advances in critical care outcomes that have been achieved through the adoption of protocols while acknowledging opportunities to improve care by a precision approach even when such personalization may violate protocols. The session will have broad appeal to trainees, clinicians, and scientists because it will blend evidence and expert opinion, and will highlight areas where uncertainty exists.